- #Microct video rotate 3d reconstructed image skin#
- #Microct video rotate 3d reconstructed image software#
These issues have so far limited community-level μCT analyses, which could provide important insights into evolutionary responses to environmental change in small, rare, and/or fossilized taxa 6. This has proven difficult because of the need for samples to remain motionless during scan time (minutes to hours), and because each individual must be digitally labelled to match the physical specimen’s identity and hence retain important information, e.g., material type, locality, stratigraphic age. When combined with downstream analyses like geometric morphometrics, these models can be used to test taxonomic hypotheses that could shorten the lagtime between species discovery and formal description 10, 12, thus expanding the taxonomic bottleneck.ĭespite the increasing use of μCT in systematic biology 13, a major challenge remains in the practical imaging of high numbers of museum specimens within a project scope, for example in the context of large-scale analyses of phenotypic variation. Creation of cybertypes, or virtual models of type material, is another emerging application of μCT technology 10, 11, allowing researchers around the world to interact with voucher specimens. Worldwide, these collections span taxonomic, geographic and temporal distributions, providing a wealth of information for understanding the past, present and future of biodiversity 9. Within the biological sciences, μCT has been particularly valuable for the study of museum collections, which contain millions of often small, delicate and unique specimens not amenable to traditional (destructive and/or irreversible) preparation.
#Microct video rotate 3d reconstructed image software#
Studies in biomedicine, zoology, geology and paleontology now regularly incorporate μCT images 4, 5, 6, and open source software for the quantitative analysis of volumetric data is developing rapidly (e.g., Fiji 7, Blob3D 8, Dragonfly ). Since publication of the first X-ray microtomographic figures nearly four decades ago 1, 2, 3, μCT has had profound impacts across scientific disciplines. The improved resolution of μCT over standard imaging techniques can achieve a detail detectability down to 200 nm (0.2 µm)-less than the diameter of a single red blood cell.
#Microct video rotate 3d reconstructed image skin#
This decrease in electromagnetic radiation, termed X-ray attenuation, results in detector pixels with grayscale values proportional to the radiopacity of the material, meaning that dense regions such as bone or rock appear white or light gray (radiopaque), while muscle or skin appears dark (radiolucent). The differential properties of the object’s matter, including thickness and atomic number, interact with the X-ray’s energy beam to determine the number of photons that pass through it to reach the detector on the other side. Whereas in human medicine the X-ray source rotates around the patient (e.g., computerized axial tomography, or CAT scan), in μCT the object is typically fixed on a rotating stage while the X-ray tube remains stationary. Starting with radiographs of an object taken over multiple angles, a computer algorithm is used to digitally reconstruct a stack of 2D X-ray projections, or tomograms, into a 3D volume. Functioning like a microscope with X-ray vision, μCT generates high fidelity 3D models of solid material from which the outer layers can be virtually dissected or removed, revealing the inner structures. High-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography, also known as HRXMT or microCT (μCT), is an increasingly powerful tool for the non-destructive investigation of whole objects. This system can be easily modified for other types of wet and dry material amenable to X-ray attenuation, including geological, botanical and zoological samples, providing greater access to large-scale phenotypic data and adding value to global collections. We demonstrate this protocol on vertebrate fossils from Queensland Museum, Australia, as part of an effort to track community responses to climate change over evolutionary time. We also explore the effects of various packing materials and multiple specimens per capsule to minimize sample movement that can degrade image quality, and hence μCT investment. Here we describe a method for high-throughput μCT scanning of hundreds of small (< 2 cm) specimens in a single container, followed by individual labelling and archival storage. Despite the potential for comparative analyses, most μCT studies include limited numbers of museum specimens, due to the challenges of digitizing numerous individuals within a project scope. The power of μCT to visualize internal features without disarticulation makes it particularly valuable for the study of museum collections, which house millions of physical specimens documenting the spatio-temporal patterns of life. High-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography, or microCT (μCT), enables the digital imaging of whole objects in three dimensions.
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